【英文标准名称】:StandardTestMethodsforInternalPressurizationFailureResistanceofUnrestrainedPackages
【原文标准名称】:可伸缩包装的抗内部增压损坏用标准试验方法
【标准号】:ASTMF1140-2007
【标准状态】:现行
【国别】:美国
【发布日期】:2007
【实施或试行日期】:
【发布单位】:美国材料与试验协会(ASTM)
【起草单位】:ASTM
【标准类型】:()
【标准水平】:()
【中文主题词】:损坏频率;软包装件;医学科学;海运包装件;试验方法;运输
【英文主题词】:Failurefrequency;Flexiblepackages;Medicalsciences;Shippingpackages;Testmethods;Transport
【摘要】:
【中国标准分类号】:A82
【国际标准分类号】:55_180_40
【页数】:5P;A4
【正文语种】:英语


【英文标准名称】:StandardGuideforDesigningCost-EffectiveSamplingandMeasurementPlansbyUseofEstimatedUncertaintyandItsComponentsinWasteManagementDecision-Making
【原文标准名称】:通过使用废物管理决策中评估的不确定性及其组成部分来设计成本-效率抽样和测量计划的标准指南
【标准号】:ASTMD6842-2002(2007)
【标准状态】:现行
【国别】:
【发布日期】:2002
【实施或试行日期】:
【发布单位】:美国材料与试验协会(US-ASTM)
【起草单位】:D34.01.01
【标准类型】:(Guide)
【标准水平】:()
【中文主题词】:
【英文主题词】:analysisofvariance;cost-efficient;decision-making;experimentaldesign;optimization;precision;samplingandmeasurementprocess;samplingplan;statistics;sourcesofuncertainty;variance;variancecomponents
【摘要】:Thisguidewillevaluatesampledatathatcontainahighlevelofuncertaintyfordecision-makingpurposesand,whereitisfeasible,designastatisticalstudytoestimateandreducethesourcesofuncertainty.Oftentimes,historicaldatamaybeavailableandadequateforthispurposeandnonewstudyisneeded.3.1.1Thisapproachwillhelpthestakeholdersbetterunderstandwherethegreatestsourcesofuncertaintyareinthesamplingandanalysisprocess.Resourcescanbedirectedtowheretheycanmostreducetheoveralluncertainty.3.1.2Samplingandanalysisdesignunderthisapproachcanoftenbecost-efficientbecause(a)thereductioninuncertaintycanbedonebystatisticalmeansaloneand(b)thereductioncanbetranslatedintoalowernumberofanalyses.Thisguideislimitedtothesituationwhereadecisionisbasedonthemeanofapopulation.Itwillonlyincludediscussionsofabalanceddesignforthecollectionandanalysisofsampledatainordertoestimatethesourcesofuncertainty.Referencestounbalanceddesignsareprovidedwhereappropriate.1.1Wastemanagementdecisionsgenerallyinvolveuncertaintybecauseofthefactthatdecisionsarebasedontheuseofsampledata.Whenuncertaintycanbereducedorcontrolled,abetterdecisioncanbeachieved.Onewaytoreduceorcontroluncertaintyisthroughtheestimationandcontrolofthecomponentscontributingtotheoveralluncertainty(orvariance).Controlofthesizesofthesevariancecomponentsisanoptimizationprocess.Theoptimizationsresultscanbeusedtoeitherimproveanexistingsamplingandanalysisplan(ifitshouldbefoundtobeinadequatefordecision-makingpurposes)ortooptimizeanewplanbydirectingresourcestowheretheoverallvariancecanbereducedthemost.1.2Estimationofthevariancecomponentsfromthetotalvariancestartswiththesamplingandmeasurementprocess.Theprocessinvolvestwodifferentkindsofuncertainties:randomandsystematic.Theformerisassociatedwithimprecisionofthedata,whilethelatterisassociatedwithbiasofthedata.Thisguidewilldiscussonlysourcesofuncertaintyofarandomnature.1.3Theremaybemanysourcesofuncertaintyinwastemanagementdecisions.However,thisguidedoesnotintendtoaddresstheissueofhowthesesourcesareidentified.Itistheresponsibilityofthestakeholdersandtheirtechnicalstafftoanalyzethesamplingandmeasurementprocessesinordertoidentifythepotentiallysignificantsourcesofuncertainty.Afteridentifyingthesesources,thisguidewillprovideguidanceonhowtocollectandanalyzedatatoobtainanestimateofthetotaluncertaintyanditscomponents.
【中国标准分类号】:Z04
【国际标准分类号】:13_030_01
【页数】:5P.;A4
【正文语种】: